Fine-tune LLaMA 2 (7-70B) on Amazon SageMaker

In this sagemaker example, we are going to learn how to fine-tune LLaMA 2 using QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs. LLaMA 2 is the next version of the LLaMA. Compared to the V1 model, it is trained on more data - 2T tokens and supports context length window upto 4K tokens. Learn more about LLaMa 2 in the "" blog post.

QLoRA is an efficient finetuning technique that quantizes a pretrained language model to 4 bits and attaches small “Low-Rank Adapters” which are fine-tuned. This enables fine-tuning of models with up to 65 billion parameters on a single GPU; despite its efficiency, QLoRA matches the performance of full-precision fine-tuning and achieves state-of-the-art results on language tasks.

In our example, we are going to leverage Hugging Face Transformers, Accelerate, and PEFT.

In Detail you will learn how to:

Setup Development Environment
Load and prepare the dataset
Fine-Tune LLaMA 13B with QLoRA on Amazon SageMaker
Deploy Fine-tuned LLM on Amazon SageMaker

Quick intro: PEFT or Parameter Efficient Fine-tuning

PEFT, or Parameter Efficient Fine-tuning, is a new open-source library from Hugging Face to enable efficient adaptation of pre-trained language models (PLMs) to various downstream applications without fine-tuning all the model's parameters. PEFT currently includes techniques for:

(Q)LoRA: LORA: LOW-RANK ADAPTATION OF LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS
Prefix Tuning: P-Tuning v2: Prompt Tuning Can Be Comparable to Fine-tuning Universally Across Scales and Tasks
P-Tuning: GPT Understands, Too
Prompt Tuning: The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuning
IA3: Infused Adapter by Inhibiting and Amplifying Inner Activations

Access LLaMA 2

Before we can start training we have to make sure that we accepted the license of llama 2 to be able to use it. You can accept the license by clicking on the Agree and access repository button on the model page at:

1. Setup Development Environment

!pip install "transformers==4.31.0" "datasets[s3]==2.13.0" sagemaker --upgrade --quiet

To access any LLaMA 2 asset we need to login into our hugging face account. We can do this by running the following command:

!huggingface-cli login --token YOUR_TOKEN

If you are going to use Sagemaker in a local environment. You need access to an IAM Role with the required permissions for Sagemaker. You can find here more about it.

import sagemaker
import boto3
sess = sagemaker.Session()
# sagemaker session bucket -> used for uploading data, models and logs
# sagemaker will automatically create this bucket if it not exists
sagemaker_session_bucket=None
if sagemaker_session_bucket is None and sess is not None:
    # set to default bucket if a bucket name is not given
    sagemaker_session_bucket = sess.default_bucket()

try:
    role = sagemaker.get_execution_role()
except ValueError:
    iam = boto3.client('iam')
    role = iam.get_role(RoleName='sagemaker_execution_role')['Role']['Arn']

sess = sagemaker.Session(default_bucket=sagemaker_session_bucket)

print(f"sagemaker role arn: {role}")
print(f"sagemaker bucket: {sess.default_bucket()}")
print(f"sagemaker session region: {sess.boto_region_name}")

2. Load and prepare the dataset

we will use the dolly an open source dataset of instruction-following records generated by thousands of Databricks employees in several of the behavioral categories outlined in the InstructGPT paper, including brainstorming, classification, closed QA, generation, information extraction, open QA, and summarization.

{
  "instruction": "What is world of warcraft",
  "context": "",
  "response": "World of warcraft is a massive online multi player role playing game. It was released in 2004 by bizarre entertainment"
}

To load the databricks/databricks-dolly-15k dataset, we use the load_dataset() method from the 🤗 Datasets library.

from datasets import load_dataset
from random import randrange

# Load dataset from the hub
dataset = load_dataset("databricks/databricks-dolly-15k", split="train")

print(f"dataset size: {len(dataset)}")
print(dataset[randrange(len(dataset))])
# dataset size: 15011

To instruct tune our model we need to convert our structured examples into a collection of tasks described via instructions. We define a formatting_function that takes a sample and returns a string with our format instruction.

def format_dolly(sample):
    instruction = f"### Instruction\n{sample['instruction']}"
    context = f"### Context\n{sample['context']}" if len(sample["context"]) > 0 else None
    response = f"### Answer\n{sample['response']}"
    # join all the parts together
    prompt = "\n\n".join([i for i in [instruction, context, response] if i is not None])
    return prompt

lets test our formatting function on a random example.

from random import randrange

print(format_dolly(dataset[randrange(len(dataset))]))

In addition, to formatting our samples we also want to pack multiple samples to one sequence to have a more efficient training.

from transformers import AutoTokenizer

model_id = "meta-llama/Llama-2-13b-hf" # sharded weights
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id,use_auth_token=True)
tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token

We define some helper functions to pack our samples into sequences of a given length and then tokenize them.

from random import randint
from itertools import chain
from functools import partial


# template dataset to add prompt to each sample
def template_dataset(sample):
    sample["text"] = f"{format_dolly(sample)}{tokenizer.eos_token}"
    return sample


# apply prompt template per sample
dataset = dataset.map(template_dataset, remove_columns=list(dataset.features))
# print random sample
print(dataset[randint(0, len(dataset))]["text"])

# empty list to save remainder from batches to use in next batch
remainder = {"input_ids": [], "attention_mask": [], "token_type_ids": []}

def chunk(sample, chunk_length=2048):
    # define global remainder variable to save remainder from batches to use in next batch
    global remainder
    # Concatenate all texts and add remainder from previous batch
    concatenated_examples = {k: list(chain(*sample[k])) for k in sample.keys()}
    concatenated_examples = {k: remainder[k] + concatenated_examples[k] for k in concatenated_examples.keys()}
    # get total number of tokens for batch
    batch_total_length = len(concatenated_examples[list(sample.keys())[0]])

    # get max number of chunks for batch
    if batch_total_length >= chunk_length:
        batch_chunk_length = (batch_total_length // chunk_length) * chunk_length

    # Split by chunks of max_len.
    result = {
        k: [t[i : i + chunk_length] for i in range(0, batch_chunk_length, chunk_length)]
        for k, t in concatenated_examples.items()
    }
    # add remainder to global variable for next batch
    remainder = {k: concatenated_examples[k][batch_chunk_length:] for k in concatenated_examples.keys()}
    # prepare labels
    result["labels"] = result["input_ids"].copy()
    return result


# tokenize and chunk dataset
lm_dataset = dataset.map(
    lambda sample: tokenizer(sample["text"]), batched=True, remove_columns=list(dataset.features)
).map(
    partial(chunk, chunk_length=2048),
    batched=True,
)

# Print total number of samples
print(f"Total number of samples: {len(lm_dataset)}")

After we processed the datasets we are going to use the new FileSystem integration to upload our dataset to S3. We are using the sess.default_bucket(), adjust this if you want to store the dataset in a different S3 bucket. We will use the S3 path later in our training script.

# save train_dataset to s3
training_input_path = f's3://{sess.default_bucket()}/processed/llama/dolly/train'
lm_dataset.save_to_disk(training_input_path)

print("uploaded data to:")
print(f"training dataset to: {training_input_path}")

3. Fine-Tune LLaMA 13B with QLoRA on Amazon SageMaker

We are going to use the recently introduced method in the paper "QLoRA: Quantization-aware Low-Rank Adapter Tuning for Language Generation" by Tim Dettmers et al. QLoRA is a new technique to reduce the memory footprint of large language models during finetuning, without sacrificing performance. The TL;DR; of how QLoRA works is:

Quantize the pretrained model to 4 bits and freezing it.
Attach small, trainable adapter layers. (LoRA)
Finetune only the adapter layers, while using the frozen quantized model for context.

We prepared a run_clm.py, which implements QLora using PEFT to train our model. The script also merges the LoRA weights into the model weights after training. That way you can use the model as a normal model without any additional code. Make sure to also add the requirements.txt into your source_dir folder that way SageMaker will install the needed libraries including peft.

In order to create a sagemaker training job we need an HuggingFace Estimator. The Estimator handles end-to-end Amazon SageMaker training and deployment tasks. The Estimator manages the infrastructure use. SagMaker takes care of starting and managing all the required ec2 instances for us, provides the correct huggingface container, uploads the provided scripts and downloads the data from our S3 bucket into the container at /opt/ml/input/data. Then, it starts the training job by running.

Harwarde requirements

We also ran several experiments to determine, which instance type can be used for the different model sizes. The following table shows the results of our experiments. The table shows the instance type, model size, context length, and max batch size.

Model	Instance Type	Max Batch Size	Context Length
LLaMa 7B	`(ml.)g5.4xlarge`	`3`	`2048`
LLaMa 13B	`(ml.)g5.4xlarge`	`2`	`2048`
LLaMa 70B	`(ml.)p4d.24xlarge`	`1++` (need to test more configs)	`2048`

You can also use g5.2xlarge instead of the g5.4xlarge instance type, but then it is not possible to use merge_weights parameter, since to merge the LoRA weights into the model weights, the model needs to fit into memory. But you could save the adapter weights and merge them using merge_adapter_weights.py after training.

Note: We plan to extend this list in the future. feel free to contribute your setup!

import time
from sagemaker.huggingface import HuggingFace
from huggingface_hub import HfFolder

# define Training Job Name
job_name = f'huggingface-qlora-{time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S", time.localtime())}'

# hyperparameters, which are passed into the training job
hyperparameters ={
  'model_id': model_id,                             # pre-trained model
  'dataset_path': '/opt/ml/input/data/training',    # path where sagemaker will save training dataset
  'epochs': 3,                                      # number of training epochs
  'per_device_train_batch_size': 2,                 # batch size for training
  'lr': 2e-4,                                       # learning rate used during training
  'hf_token': HfFolder.get_token(),                 # huggingface token to access llama 2
  'merge_weights': True,                            # wether to merge LoRA into the model (needs more memory)
}

# create the Estimator
huggingface_estimator = HuggingFace(
    entry_point          = 'run_clm.py',      # train script
    source_dir           = 'scripts',         # directory which includes all the files needed for training
    instance_type        = 'ml.g5.4xlarge',   # instances type used for the training job
    instance_count       = 1,                 # the number of instances used for training
    base_job_name        = job_name,          # the name of the training job
    role                 = role,              # Iam role used in training job to access AWS ressources, e.g. S3
    volume_size          = 300,               # the size of the EBS volume in GB
    transformers_version = '4.28',            # the transformers version used in the training job
    pytorch_version      = '2.0',             # the pytorch_version version used in the training job
    py_version           = 'py310',           # the python version used in the training job
    hyperparameters      =  hyperparameters,  # the hyperparameters passed to the training job
    environment          = { "HUGGINGFACE_HUB_CACHE": "/tmp/.cache" }, # set env variable to cache models in /tmp
)

We can now start our training job, with the .fit() method passing our S3 path to the training script.

# define a data input dictonary with our uploaded s3 uris
data = {'training': training_input_path}

# starting the train job with our uploaded datasets as input
huggingface_estimator.fit(data, wait=True)

In our example for LLaMA 13B, the SageMaker training job took 31728 seconds, which is about 8.8 hours. The ml.g5.4xlarge instance we used costs $2.03 per hour for on-demand usage. As a result, the total cost for training our fine-tuned LLaMa 2 model was only ~$18.

4. Deploy Fine-tuned LLM on Amazon SageMaker

Note: We are currently working on releasing an new LLM container to support GQA for the 70B model.

You can deploy your fine-tuned LLaMA model to a SageMaker endpoint and use it for inference. Check out the Deploy Falcon 7B & 40B on Amazon SageMaker and Securely deploy LLMs inside VPCs with Hugging Face and Amazon SageMaker for more details.

Thanks for reading! If you have any questions, feel free to contact me on Twitter or LinkedIn.